Executive summary:
The mangroves represent a unique ecosystem at the crossroads of four distinct forms of life: aerobic, anaerobic due to the tides that vary the level of water, from exposure to air or immersion in water, And salt water and fresh water, due to the freshwater arrival of the interior of the land, and the seaside. The mangroves were decimated like no other ecosystem to make room for coastal development. Often, mangroves have given up space to breeding shrimp. However, after the white spot virus eradicated farming, he left behind only desolate plains. After a series of pioneer experiences in Namibia, Tanzania and Eritrea, the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries accumulated experience and proof that the regeneration of mangroves is the basis of a highly productive maricure that includes The production and treatment of the fruits of mangroves, shrimps, fish and algae, thus creating clusters of growth on earth in despair. If we add to these results the arrival of sea rice, a natural biote discovered in China, we can then imagine how the coasts of the world can resist climate change and the rise of sea waters, and evolve towards a new Resilient economy.
Keywords: mangroves, algae, salicorn, eucheuma, merou, milk fish, climate change, elevation of sea level, parasitic species, goats, sea rice, integrated maricure, white spot virus,
Integrated farm operating systems: from permaculture to rockeries
When I met Bill Mollison, the inspiration and the creator of permaculture, in Tokyo in 1994, I discovered a man invested with a large mission and endowed with a pragmatic approach. He went on the stage of the great conference room of the University of the United Nations in slippers and showed a series of images which demonstrated how to take care of the earth, and the production of food can be based on simple cycles and ingenious minerals, water. He showed how exchanges between plants and animals and the flow of nutrients, energy and matter were productive of land considered infertile, and how to increase production without depending on expensive inputs. He presented a constructed, human and natural environment, in balance, extending the conception to a new look at science, even to a philosophy of art and life. Mr. Mollison launched Permaculture in 1978 in Australia, in collaboration with David Holmgren1, based on the original work of Joseph Russell Smith in his book "Tree crops" published in 1929. This work was preceded by Franklin's book King "Farmers for Fourty Centuries: Permaculture of China, Korea and Japan" by Franklin King. Mr. Mollison intensely debated his concepts with Professor George Chan, this Mauritian health engineer who served two years in the British army during the Second World War, obtained an engineering diploma from the Imperial College of London, worked for decades at the American environmental protection agency in the South Pacific. Professor Chan did not only work 20 years for Zeri, he developed a donation to transform polluting wastewater into biogas and convert the slurry into ground enrichment. These two masters followed their own path, and I learned a lot from each. Permaculture was my first contact with integrated agriculture. Then, thanks to my work with the Picuris Pueblo, outside Santa Fe, in New Mexico (United States), I learned the existence of stone gardens (also known as Gardens de Gaufres With many stones), another ingenious system that transforms the arid highlands into productive areas. The Amerindian tribe had developed this agricultural system in the arid New Mexico land which made it possible to feed in fruits and vegetables 140,000 members before the arrival of the Spaniards. They colonized the region long before the Americans arrived, imposing their agricultural techniques, ignoring the ingenious system of rock spirals which was born after centuries of tests and errors. As explained by Joey Sam and her husband Danny, the chief of the herd of bison and the leaders of the tribe when I was authorized to take a look at their protected and sacred lands, the carefully selected rocks would be Placed in a large virtuous conical form fertilizing the earth for the next 500 years. It was such a revelation and rather easy to understand that the sun, heat in summer, snow and ice in winter, winds and lichens would slowly stimulate the release of trace elements in the ground. It was so ingenious in front of me. I then learned that it was one of the places where Bill Mollison was inspired to imagine permaculture.From rockeries to evolution towards other forms of life.
Not only did rock release minerals over time, but they also absorbed heat during the day and released it at night, extending culture in an area subject to cold nights. The water flowed from top to bottom, transporting, releasing and absorbing minerals on the way. Then, it depended only on the different types of rocks where different types of vegetables were cultivated by adapting the mineral content to the mineral needs of each plant species. I was amazed by this intelligent approach to agriculture and I could very well imagine the great inspiration that Bill Mollison had to receive when he observed three decades earlier what I had just learned. When I brought hundreds of people from outside the state and the country to New Mexico thanks to Robert Haspel and Lynda Taylor, the founders of the SCI/Zeri Foundation, who financed the reintroduction of the herd of bison to the Picuris Pueblo, we observed that the picuris had managed to integrate plants, animals and minerals. We have started a dialogue to introduce bacteria and fungi and increase the cascade of nutrients, energy and matter through what we call "the five kingdoms of nature", inspired by the work of Lynn Margulis. Ivanka Milenkovic has joined the Picuris from Serbia, George Chan from Mauritius and Antonio Giraldo from Colombia in order to generate more value from the existing systemic approach. Ivanka shared how to grow mushrooms on fibers from rock culture, George presented the digester and Antonio helped convert invasive charcoal and dried wooden species for furniture and house accessories. This is one of the first experiences that allowed me to see how we can rely on culture and tradition, how the wisdom of the native tribes has the capacity to meet basic needs and how some new scientific ideas could stimulate the productivity of the system beyond what was already a remarkable realization. In 1996, Anthony Rodale invited me to go to the farm of the Rodale Institute in Kutztown, Pennsylvania (United States), to discuss the results of integrated agriculture that we developed in Montfort Boys Town, in Fiji, and the way we plan to publish them to make them widely accessible. The Rodale Institute has committed to promoting organic farming since 1947, and my position was that organic farming only tells you what is not in food. We must know what is in it, and we must know how biodiversity -based ecosystems could produce more than monocultures with GMOs could never imagine. It seems that our concepts of integrated agriculture with the five kingdoms of nature and our commitment to zero waste and zero emission was a step too much for these pioneers of organic farming. However, these contacts were not in vain, thanks to an introduction of Rodale and to the work of Joanie Klar Bruce, who is a founding member of the International Bamboo Foundation in Ubud, Bali (Indonesia), I met Jerome Ostenkowski, one of the founders of permaculture in the United States, which has been teaching permaculture since 1987 in the Central Rocky Mountains. We shared the logic of stone gardens and our new discoveries. Jérôme lived at 2,300 meters above sea level and his lands were characterized by a basalt rock, which gave his name to the city. It is one of the sources richest in magnesium. Trying to cultivate on rocks at this altitude would be considered a madness from the point of view of traditional agriculture dominated by scientists who live in regions of the world where there are four seasons and who are used to an abundance of rich terrestrial soil, but it was a challenge that Jérôme accepted with pleasure. Thirty years after starting his adventure in the rocks, and inspired by Bill Mollison, Jérôme joined our micro-algae and lichens proposals in his equation, and even started to cultivate mushrooms, thus ensuring food and nutritional self-sufficiency where the world thinks that there is no way to survive. Jérôme's greenhouse even produced bananas, which was later imitated by Mr. Amory Lovins, co -founder of Rocky Mountain Institute, further north in the valley.There are no poor soils and there are no bad waters.
Paolo Lugari, who created Las Gaviotas and regenerated the tropical forest in the savannah, once noted that there are no poor or rich soils, there are only poor minds, people who cannot see opportunities because their training and their experience have forced them to look at reality with a very specific mentality. Anything that does not correspond to their existing knowledge or experience is considered poor and is the subject of attempted conversion to what is the standard on the market. Jérôme is another point of the case which demonstrates this logic. It is necessary to observe reality as it is, to take stock of local resources and to imagine how to create a cascade of nutrients, matter and energy which allows it to be operated. To demonstrate my point of view, I took students to excursion to the Namib desert. In 1998, we went to Swakopmund and Heintiesbay. Standing on the beach, with the sandy hills and the vast desert behind us and the cold water of the sea in front of us, we asked a difficult question to students: could you grow fruits and vegetables here? Most of the students felt frustrated, because even in their wildest dreams, they could not imagine cultivating anything in the desert. Although we were all exposed to permaculture and rockery gardens, most of the team members were in a hurry to explain to me why this was not possible. The most important change in our approach to the challenges of this world is not to rule out opportunities because we think it is not possible. The simple fact that we thought it is not possible is the reason why this is not possible. This is why the blue economy is close to the logic of the positive economy proposed by Jacques Attali, the French political and author decision maker. Instead of making efforts to explain why this is not possible, why not focus on this extraordinary effort to explain-above all to ourselves-that there are ways to make it possible. The sandy beaches of the Heinties bay now benefit from a specialized research center created by Professor Osmund Mwandemele, now vice-chancellor of the University of Namibia and, at the time, dean of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. We have shown that the culture of asparagus in the sand is not only viable, but even competitive compared to imported foods which dominate the Namibian market convinced that there is no chance of cultivating them.Study the interface between sea and land
The experience carried out in Namibia was the first to study the interface between sea and land. Thanks to the excellent academic support of the University of Namibia, an academic institution which had to reinvent itself after the independence of the country and which had to transform a learning system dominated by whites into a system which reflects the realities of society. Peter Katjavivivi, the vice-chancellor, played an essential role in ensuring that this new approach not only benefits from the support of the academic world, but also from Sam Nujoma, the founding president of Namibia and the university's chancellor. Our numerous meetings and trips - The president participated in the 3rd world congress on zero emissions in Indonesia as a state -of -the -art state of the Indonesian president - and welcomed the 4th world congress in Windhoek, in Namibia, which culminated with the inauguration of the Tunweni brewery, where we drank our first coffee with boiled water by the Biogaz of the Diges. of the brewery. The Namibian experience has been institutionalized within the university community. The academic content was so rich and innovative that Federico Mayor Zaragoza, general manager of UNESCO and member of the Rome club, proposed to finance the first and only UNESCO chair on zero programs at the University of Namibia. The Japanese government immediately proposed to finance this pulpit, which was occupied by Professor Keto Mshigeni, then vice-president of the Scientific Advisory Council of Zeri. This United Nations institution provided funds to teach zero programs and financed a research team to document and publish the results, catapulting this university converted at the top of the original articles in Africa which were examined by a group of peers. The classification of universities being strongly dependent on its publications, we have succeeded in the work that we have undertaken around the world benefits young graduates who have not studied agriculture and ecosystems as they are perceived by those who live in a world characterized by four seasons, but rather by understanding the opportunities offered by each ecosystem. The University of Namibia quickly turned into the leading peloton of the publishers of original university content.How does a seal colony feed?
One of these explorations focused on the integrated biosystem of seal colonies. On the outskirts of HeintiesBay is a colony of seals rich in 70,000 individuals. Residents avoid the area at all costs because it gives off a repugnant odor. However, the smell does not only hold humans from a distance, it offers a unique productive ecosystem where the excrement of babies seals, fueled by high quality seal milk, stimulate prolific growth of micro-algae which double in volume every 24 hours, ensuring that the mother and the baby have access to an abundant supply of nutrients rich in oligo-elements, very necessary in this life. As babies grow up, and their excrement also increases, more micro-algae are produced and thrive thanks to the rich flow of nutrients. It was a first -hand lesson in integrated maritime agriculture involving animals, seaweed and seaweed. Algae has been collected in Namibia since the 1950s, but it was not until 1975 that they were organized as a commercial activity and it was not until 1981 that local entrepreneurs began to cultivate them. I got to know Klauss Rottman, the founder of Taurus Chemicals, who had set up an integrated algae cultivation system in Luderitz, on the southwest coastal tip of Namibia. His company cultivated, harvested and transformed Gracilaria Verrucosa into raw materials for agar and sushi garnish, Ecklonia Maxima (giant brown varech) for the production of alginats, an excellent humidity conservative in agriculture, as food for elmals and raw material for fertilizers, Gelidium pricoides for the production of bacteriological agar and Pallida for the extraction of medical products. It is this small biochemical company in Namibia, whose agriculture and harvest are done along the coast influenced by the cold of Benguela Curren and whose commercial units extend from Namibia to the bay of Saldannah, in the province of Western Cape, in South Africa, which made me discover the rich wallet of chemicals that can be derived from algae.The cultivation of algae in Zanzibar: a first part
Professor Keto Mshigeni, then Vice-Chancellor of the University of Namibia, a Tanzanian national who obtained his doctorate in marine biology at the University of Hawaii and who became an expert in seaweed thanks to a post-doctoral diploma of the University of the Philippines, introduced me to the culture of seaweed (Euceuma sp.) Islands of Zanzibar, Mafia and Pemba. I traveled with him on the side of the Indian Ocean of Zanzibar in 1995 and I visited half a dozen villages. It was remarkable to see how women supported wading in the sea until their harvest, or to lean to tie small algae on strings that would absorb nutrients from the sea. However, this process can only work if the coastal area is protected from the assaults of the tides by coral reefs. It was once again a unique opportunity to see how an integrated approach made it possible not only to regenerate coral reefs, but also to protect them from dynamite fishing, a prerequisite for the generation of income which, at its peak, assured income to 23,000 women. Thanks to this pioneering work, the cultivation of algae in Zanzibar has become the third world supplier, after the Philippines and Indonesia. Farmers were content to cultivate, dry and put their harvesting in ball and I started exchanges with Dr. Yadon Kohi, Costech Managing Director, the Tanzanian Commission for Science and Technology, in order to identify the possibilities of creating more added value and jobs, like the work of Taurus in Namibia, which operated on a much smaller scale. Then climate change began to make its effects feel. In 2014, the increase in sea water temperature has half the production of algae in Zanzibar compared to its maximum level, which led to a major social challenge. The farmers of the neighboring island of Pemba quickly sought deeper areas, fueled by cooler lifts. This forces women to swim from time to time. The good news is that Pemba was able to maintain its production thanks to this evolution of agriculture and that it now represents 80 % of the production of the region. As Zanzibar's women have never learned to swim, they now have a difficult choice to make: lose their activity or learn to swim.Shrimp crisis in equator: the second part
Ms. Lourque Luque de Jaramillo, Ecuadorian Minister of the Environment, invited me to Quito for the ministerial meeting of the ten nations with mega-biodiversity in order to debate opportunities related to available natural resources. His interest was based on my book published in Colombia in 1998 "Estrategias para la diversificación in the basis of biodiversidad" - "strategies for diversification in the basis of biodiversity" published in cooperation with the Colombian agency for training and employment (SENA). On the sidelines of this ministerial meeting, she organized a series of discussions with industry. The shrimp sector was struck by an attack on the white dots syndrome virus (WSSV), an epizootic disease. An export industry of US $ 750 million has evaporated in a few months. The massive use of disinfectants and a considerable application of antibiotics has proven to be unable to control the virus. Worse, its use was prohibited by the European Union. After studying the file by visiting the sites, I concluded that the real cause of the proliferation of this epidemic was the destruction of the mangrove ecosystem combined with the degeneration of the shrimp immune system due to erroneous research of productivity and efficiency which obliges the shrimp to feed on animal proteins, soy and corn. Up to 40% of the body mass of locally transformed shrimp ends up serving as food for these same shrimps. The shrimps are at best omnivorous, and rarely carnivores and cannibals. When the shrimps are forced to eat their own waste and it is nourished with soybeans completely unsuitable for their digestive system, it is not surprising that they degenerate. The industry consulted scientists who proposed to cross or even genetically modify the shrimp to make them resistant to the MSSV. Others have proposed to apply ultraviolet rays on a large scale to sterilize the environment. In 2002, I proposed that shrimp breeding could not continue on the vague terrain left after the elimination of mangroves, but that it was planned in harmony with the planting of the mangroves. The evolution towards monocultures and industrialization has not only reduced wooded coverage on earth, destructive fishing techniques based on dynamite and acids have decimated corals. If these two destruction is well documented, the elimination of mangroves had hardly caught attention at the beginning of the 21st century. However, the pressure exerted to destroy this unique interface between salt water and fresh water, the aerobic and anaerobic environment led to the elimination of millions of kilometers of mangroves forests along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America. The combined disintegration of the sea (corals) and the land interface (mangroves) must be reversed in order to restore shrimp farming. The role of mangroves was debated when the tsunami of December 26, 2004 devastated the perimeter of the Indian Ocean. Experts agreed that the removal of mangroves to give way to luxury hotels along the beach and shrimp farms had eliminated the natural stamp which had always protected the interior of the land from the assault from this solid water wall which leaves nothing standing with its huge weight of one tonne per cubic meter of water. The mangroves were finally recognized for their ecosystem services. And if the role of the mangrove was recognized, in the aftermath of the disaster, the reconstruction of the mangrove has never been part of the reconstruction plan and was not debated as a means of conceiving a breeding of sustainable shrimp. It is sometimes surprising to see the slowness with which humanity learns its lessons. The integrated shrimp and mangroves breeding was a visionary declaration in 2002 and was summarized in my article entitled "The Shrimp Cluster" placed on the Zeri website. The emphasis was on how to generate multiple advantages and to ensure that the ecosystem creates the ideal conditions for shrimp breeding. When we know that the most important cost of shrimp breeding (and most types of breeding) is food, which is generally imported into the consumption region, it is not difficult to see that shrimp larks depend on plankton, micro-algae and soft algae that thrive in mangroves forests. Adult shrimps feed on the bottom and love worms, vase shrimps which, again, are abundant in and around the mangroves.Eritrea's pioneer experience
It is the pioneer work of Professor Carl Hodges, founder of the Seawater Foundation in the United States, which sparked more in-depth research on the possibilities of regeneration of the mangroves. While Carl Hodges and his wife Elizabeth imagined the big project to channel sea water in the desert to create salicornes and mangroves farms in order to regenerate the ecosystem, it is the practical approach to generate income and jobs that caught my attention. It was Professor Carl-Göran Hedén, of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Sweden, who presented me the work of Mr. Hodges. I also appreciated the leadership of Professor Eduardo Blumwald, of the University of Toronto, which had developed tomatoes and canola plants which grow in brackish water (a third of seawater salinity) with normal yields in fruit and seeds. When I learned that the University of Toronto Innovations Foundation had granted a license for this technological portfolio to Seaphire International, a partner of Carl Hodges in Eritrea, I decided to study this case in more detail. I was surprised to discover that Seaphire International was controlled by Exeter Life Sciences, an animal cloning technology specialist who then merged with other genetic modification experts. However, convinced of the integrity of Carl Hodges and his team, including his Swedish financier Christer Salen, founder of the Seawater Forests initiative in the Netherlands, I granted this project the benefit of the doubt. The project implemented in Massawa, in Eritrea, has established a new standard in maricure for me. A channel has created a salt water river connecting interior lands for shrimp breeding, nourishing thousands of mangroves, irrigating crops of full field such as salicorn. The water percola through the sand and returns to the sea. The coastal desert becomes green thanks to a new forest of mangroves which absorbs over time millions of tonnes of CO2 in its roots. This large greenery belt reduces temperature and increases the probability of rain, which increases the comfort of life, while attenuating the impact of climate change. This joint venture with the Eritrean government was an important learning platform and represented the first maricure exercise integrated with remarkable results. The pruning of paletviers has stimulated the roots so that they grow more quickly by fixing more carbon, and to create more resistant plants, while the leaves were used as fodder for goats and camels known to eat any shrub and contribute to desertification. Thanks to the research of Dr. James O'Leary and his team at the University of Arizona in Tuscon, the Salicorne attracted the attention of innovators like Carl Hodges. The salicorn seeds of these salt resistant plants which are from Mexico contain 30% of oil by far exceeding 20% produced by soybeans, while they contain +70% of linoleic acids used in paintings, surfactants and cosmetics. Since the salicorn accumulates the salt in its tissues, it can be used to clean up the soils affected by a high salinity, the intrusion of salt or the rise in seawater level, while it constitutes an excellent food - after extraction of the oil - for shrimp and goats, leaving behind pure salt.Lessons learned from the mangrove cluster - Shrimp
Unfortunately, the work of pioneers in Eritrea did not extend beyond the initial project which was well documented. I was saddened to see this effort disintegrating due to the internal policy of the government in 2003. On the other hand, I am grateful to have been able to see that the regeneration of the mangroves was viable and turned out to be a Prerequisite for (re) creation of a shrimp breeding industry. In addition, the logic of the Mangrove-Cream cluster was reinforced by a clear objective of generation of local foods for shrimp and local farming of goats and camels. This exercise has created 800 jobs at its peak in Eritrea, local economic development and livelihoods while demonstrating the ability to reversing desertification along the North African coast. Carl Hodges was very disappointed, but a man in his stature has never desperate and works today under the aegis of the Global Seawater Foundation to relaunch his concept in Bahia Kino, Sonora (Mexico). His team includes Tekie Teclemariam Anday, the Eritrean marine biologist who worked with him in Africa. While Carl Hodges and his team continue to progress in the implementation of the Mexican project, on the other side of the globe, in Java, in Indonesia, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries made the decision in 2007 of Bring a vast initiative to provide livelihoods for people living along the coastal line on the 17,000 populated islands of this 250 million inhabitants, rethinking the way of replant mangroves and relaunching the 'Shrimp breeding that had undergone the same WSSV as Ecuador and Thailand. Mr. Sarwono Kusumaadmadja was the Prime Minister of this ministry, who was created to serve the important marine resources of Indonesia. Mr. Sarwono was previously Minister of the Environment and welcomed the 3rd World Congress on Zero Emissions in Jakarta in 1997. It was during this congress that we discussed the need to regenerate the forests, especially the mangroves and Bamboo, and that we have highlighted the possibilities of converting coastal areas into local economic development centers. Paolo Lugari came to this event and offered a testimony to the importance of local economic growth based on the regeneration of forests.Indonesia opens the way to integrated maricure
The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries devoted 47 hectares of field to tests aimed at studying in 24 different contexts the possibilities of implementing an integrated maricure combining mangroves, fish, crabs and algae. The responsibility was in the hands of Dr. Suseno Sukoyono, director of the human resources development agency for marine affairs and fishing, which brings together more than twenty university institutions. Mr. Sharif Setardjo, the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, decided to further support this pioneer work. The carrying out of the study was entrusted to the Sidoarjo polytechnic school in Surabaya, in the province of Java Est. This led to the creation in 2007 of the Mangroves Study Center for Marine Politechnics and Sidoarjo fishing in the village of Pulokerto, in the Regency of Pasuruan, in the same province. Dr. Bambang Suprakto and Dr. Endang Suhaedy, training engineer, took responsibility for designing a program to convert the deceased culture of shrimp ponds into an integrated agricultural system based on mangrove. This is another example of how innovative commercial models based on new scientific knowledge can convert assets abandoned into generators of value and jobs. Dr. H. SOEKARWO, Governor of eastern Java, fully supports this initiative and said that his province was the cradle of algae economy, while the recently elected president recognizes for the first time that Indonesia is a maritime nation with a maritime economy. The Politechnical team planted +100,000 palestviers as part of a pilot project on the former ponds which were abandoned after the WSSV attack and which left the farmers without recourse. Based on the commitment to start with the regeneration of a local mangrove forest, the team has designed ponds where 40 to 50 % of the space is reserved for Rhizopora sp. and Avicennia sp., And the remaining 50 to 60 % are used for shrimp breeding like the Penaeus Monodon, also known as the tigrated shrimp. The ponds benefit from the tidal water flows. The Penang river, which suffers from significant pollution, is protected by a dense and newly created mangrove forest. The efficiency of shrimp breeding integrated into the mangrove with Rhizophora has reached the highest levels, exceeding in investment costs, in operational expenses and in beneficiary margins, mangrove -free ponds. The predominant diet of shrimps is free, provided by the ecosystem, and only a minor part is added for fish and crabs. The mangrove serves as a biofilter and constitutes a rich reservoir of antioxidants. This ecosystem has a low risk of illness, while its size makes it ideal for small coastal operators. Algae reduces inorganic waste and fish control micro and macroalga, while background organisms such as sea cucumbers reduce organic waste and eutrophization, which reduces the need for oxygenation of the ponds. The researchers noted that the management of this ecosystem dominated by the mangrove quickly brings additional advantages beyond mangroves and shrimps. The soft shell crabs easily populate the area, while algae (Gracilaria sp.) Play their role in the management of the pond. Fish, especially the highly sought-after Fais Fish with high omega 3 content, can be raised in the same system, as well as sea cucumbers which are particularly requested in China. The fruits of the mangrove are very popular with the local population and constitute another element allowing the emergence of a new local economy. What the Indonesian team has achieved in 6 years deserves not only our appreciation but also our admiration. No other center has designed and implemented such a diverse maricure, focused on the regeneration of mangroves.Maricure integrated into biraffineries made from seaweed
It is also clear for everyone that it is only the beginning of an enriching scientific experience, which leads to a transformation of the local economy with a experienced experience on the way of involving the local population which had lost all confidence in shrimp farming and perhaps does not even remember the mangroves. Interesting development is that, while the government is continuing the maricure integrated into a diversified scale and content unique in the world, the seaweed industry emerges in parallel by following the philosophy of bioraffinery. Java Biocolloids treats algae (Gracilaria sp.) Located in Pandaan, Pasuruan, 30 minutes drive from the mangrove research center. Mr. Lino Paravano, a biochemist who began his career in Venice by trying to control the micro-algae in the lagoon, transforms this profitable company into an engine of local economic growth, by deploying a particular effort so that farmers and their children have a future in land and sight. The extraction of agar-agar from algae is a process with a high intensity of energy and water, but with a production of algae reaching 6 million tonnes in Indonesia, and local production does not meet demand, it is possible to continue industrialization. Java Biocolloid currently treats 20 tonnes of algae per day and is preparing to increase its production to 80 tonnes. If the commercial product that is agar agar represents only 7 to 8 % of the raw material, the rest is an ideal mixture which can be converted into multiple value products. Biomass represents an opportunity, water is a second. A kilo of agar agar requires 600 liters of water, which implies an urgent need to design a waterfall of nutrients and water to generate more value. At first, the company imagined the production of compost, it is now evolving towards the production of animal food. Indonesia is a large importer of animal feed, although it has agrifood industries and rich biodiversity in a country that benefits from an abundant sun. The country has all the ingredients necessary to become and maintain its self -sufficiency in animal feed. It is actually surprising to note that soybeans and corn has ousted other foods on the market. As Professor Jorge Vieira Costa pointed out on the occasion of his visit to Java Biocolloids, the transformation of seaweeds offers a unique opportunity to improve the quality of animal food.A new generation of maricure: more products and more jobs
We are witnessing the development of a new generation of maricure which carries Carl Hodges' pioneering experiences at a higher level, with a wide variety of applications and a flexible portfolio of products that meet the critical needs of maritime countries such as Indonesia. First of all, it is necessary to create resilience against the difficult climatic conditions of the Pacific, in particular tsunamis. Climate change caused by humans also requires coastal villages to adapt to elevation of sea level and increase in salinity. The integrated maricure based on the mangrove is therefore very relevant, even necessary, to ensure food security. However, many savings have become very dependent on the importation of frozen fish and chickens to meet the basic needs of populations at a cost perceived as low, forgetting that the import of food drains liquidity of the local economy and creates the trap of poverty. The strategy of producing local foods and importing animal food has not made a big difference since economies of scale and the cost of animal food makes the cost of local production often too high. Those who earn money are animal feed suppliers and equipment representatives of equipment. It seems that nothing has changed since the gold rush. Mariculture focused on mangroves produces multiple financial flows, starting with the mangroves themselves, which produce fruits which are transformed locally. Then, the mangroves produce an amazing range of color pigments which are even transformed into one of the most popular Batik clothing, whose manufacturing takes two years, but which are a great reminiscence of the extraordinary textile industry which once reigned in this region. The coloring technique requires 20 washes combined with a natural fixing of colors which demonstrates that mangrove -based dyes do not only survive, thanks to this integrated approach, these colors make a strength. As has been shown elsewhere, mangroves are the most productive ecosystem for honey once parasitic plants can complete mangroves with long flowering flowers that make hives of this most productive environment in the world. However, fish production is a remarkable subsystem of efficiency and generation of value. The choice of Fais Fish (Chanos Chanos), the national fish of the Philippines (under the name of Bangús) which feeds on algae and invertebrates was a wise choice to combine with the breeding of mangrove shrimp. The Ikan Bandeng, as is commonly called the Bonk Fish in Indonesia, is a very bone fish that was already raised 800 years ago. However, its popularity depends on the removal of its 214 edges. If the edges are not removed, the fish ends in cat food. The Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries has undertaken to train workers in the removal of all edges, multiplying by three the value of this fish rich in omega 3. The edges are not lost, this concentrate rich in calcium is transformed into Halal certified food, in accordance with the Islamic standard. Based on the original work of the Visayas Institute of Fish Processing Technology of the College of Fisheries and Ocean Studies of the University of the Philippines in Miag-Ao, in the city of Oloilo, in cooperation with the Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research and Development, led at the time by Mr. Graciano Yumul Jr. its executive director, the MANGROVE initiative Java has developed and created products as diverse as spaghetti rich in calcium, crisp fish skin and ingredients for shrimp feeding. The three -value factor thanks to boning is now a five factor thanks to the added value generated by bones and skins, providing quality local power. While soft crabs are successfully raised and sold fresh on the local market, where they are considered a delicate dish by the Chinese population, seaweed has become another growth subset. The strength of Java Biocolloi's initiative, which declares on its website that "blue is the new green", lies in the fact that it is actively seeking cooperation with other producers of waste flow in search of value. First of all, Java Biocolloids ensures that its massive consumption of water is not an exploitation, but a cascade. The extraction of the agar-agar leaves a rich mixture of N, P and K in wastewater, which are transported to local rice farmers which can now reduce their fertilizers by 60 %, which allows not only to reduce the cost of pumping water, but also to reduce chemical intake, while reducing the load of the industrial purification station.An endless value chain
Algae producers who have established themselves as reliable suppliers receive a Java Biocollois cleaning tunnel. The cultivation of algae being practiced in shallow coastal areas, it leads with it sand, benthos and shells. Thanks to the investment in saltwater washing units on the algae harvest site, the quantity of sand is half reduced, which decreases the cost of transport and increases the value generated by algae. The factory always separates small gastropod shells at a pace of two tonnes per day. The shells have been collected and evaluated as currencies, but they are produced from pure calcium carbonate (calcite, aragonite and vaterite), and its varieties like mother -of -pearl (Mother of Pearl) which are made of a mixture of Aragonite and certain elastic biopolymers like Chitin are easily converted into an additional value chain. Java Biocolloids using only natural processes, CACO3 can be transformed on site into pharmaceutical quality calcium concentrates (with 40% pure calcium) to produce tablets and chewing gum. As this source is produced by a natural cycle and it is neither extracted, nor produced in a synthetic way, it is very appreciated for the production of toothpaste, body lotion, soap bars and color cosmetics. These shells are excellent raw materials for the addition of calcium, and very demanded white pigments (known as E170) at a high price. As a business of the blue economy, Java Biocolloids is ready to invest in the exploitation of these additional value chains which are (still) mainly imported, but which could be produced competitively since their arrival in the factory ... is free. It is easy to be competitive on the local market, replacing imports with a raw material that costs nothing to obtain. Thus, we find another opportunity to relaunch local industries in connection with maricure. Gracilaria waste contains mineral iodine that the body needs to make thyroid hormones that control the body's metabolism. The introduction of a larger quantity of processed foods and the reduction of the food based on seafood deprives many communities of the daily intake in iodine required. Iodine deficiency is considered a disorder because it affects the health of the child, and in particular the development of his brain. The world has noticed and the World Health Organization encourages the consumption of iodized salt. Already in 1997, I wrote an article indicating that the export of subsidized iodized salt from Europe to Africa and Asia is an anachronism. Ioded foods should be produced locally as part of algae processing. I had proposed it in vain to the cultivators of Zanzibar algae who preferred to accept iodized salt sold at low prices thanks to the subsidies of the European Union. I was wondering what was about development cooperation when, instead of paying Europeans to add synthetic salt iodine, European aid organizations could not invest in installations that treat food and animal food in an integrated manner so that iodine is part of the cycle. I must admit that European pressure groups that are addicted to these annual liquidity injections have prevailed until today. The Java Biocolloid's solid waste flow, which represents 92 to 93 % of production, contains 15 to 25 ppm of iodine, which is equivalent to iodine concentration in iodized salt. This means that if waste flows are intended to enter the cycle of human and animal food, the derived industries will contribute directly to the improvement of health, in particular on the Indonesian highlands which often lack iodine in their daily diet. The first and obvious use of waste is to transform it into compost. Although this is successfully done, it is more judicious, from a social and economic point of view, to ensure the recycling of fibers, amino acids, fatty acids, lipids and a rich variety of elements, in particular calcium (CA), potassium (K), sodium (na), iron (fe), nickel (ni), copper (MN). While some say that there is a potential to generate biofuels from fatty acids, we consider that it is the least interesting. After all, we do not want to burn which could be transformed into food! However, residual waste can always be digested anaerobic route, which makes it possible to create biogas. The combination of the mangroves cluster and the cluster of algae is a solid spine for local economic development. Now, if this can be reinforced by additional biomass flows easily available in the region, then we can still improve the nutrient cycle. Just behind the mangroves are the rice fields. Rice produces several waste of waste, but rice sound in particular is rich in antioxidants. A investigation by Java Biocolloids also revealed the local availability of yeast. As underlined in the previous case 109, yeast contains a wealth of protein which is very similar to animal proteins while adding vitamin B, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. The opportunity to create a flow of animal food based on algae, rice and yeast, all three in abundance in the region, can quickly generate a 100 -ton animal feed company per day, which produces +36,000 tonnes per year by replacing the soy and imported corn which will never be able to compete with the nutritional richness which can be generated by this mixture.The next border: the fight against climate change
The initiatives taken by the government and the private sector in Indonesia now have a third component: how to cope with the rise in sea level and the 1.2 million hectares of plains along the coasts which risk succumbing to the salinity and alkalinity of the shores. When I traveled the Côte de Java (Indonesia) on the occasion of the 9th World Congress on Zero shows and the blue economy, organized by the Indonesian Foundation for the Blue Economy created by Ibu Dewi Smaragdina and chaired by Ibu Sriworo Harijono in Jakarta, it appeared clearly that Indonesia had to go into the culture of marine rice, or Climate change like Zanzibar's women. Professor Li Kangmin, a member of the network of scientists Zeri since his debut in 1994 and "pupil" of Professor George Chan, wrote a lot about integrated aquaculture. His articles "Extending Integrated Aquaculture to Mariculture in China - New Trends in Fish Farming" 2 and "New Ideas and Approaches to Sustainable Seafood Products" 3 sum up both his experience and his vision. Professor Li Kangmin informed us of a major advance in China. Mr. Chen Risheng, a graduate of the agricultural college of Zhanjiang (Guangdong), studied with his teacher, Professor Luo Wenlie, and discovered almost thirty years ago a wild flower plant resembling rice. In 1987, Chen Rishen began testing this sea rice and 28 years later, his area had increased to 133 ha. He created the International Sea-Rorice Biotechnology Company LTD with 80 people research staff in Beijing. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture has extended tests to Alkaline-Salins soils in Lingshui, Hainan; Zhanjiang, Guangdong; And, Panjin, Liaoning. These tests have shown that rice can push in a soil whose pH is 9.3, where no tree can push. Sea rice can resist water saturation and has no problem immersed for three to four hours at high tide in ordinary sea water. As sea rice does not need fresh water, it saves 1,000 m3 of fresh water per tonne of rice without the need for fertilizer. China has around 100 million hectares of saline and alkaline soil. Indonesia has around 150 million hectares along its coastal areas, which are the longest in the world. If the two nations were able to cultivate rice on saline lands with a yield of 2,250 kg/ha, an additional production of 225 million tonnes can be expected in China and 337 million tonnes in Indonesia. The conclusion of this productivity breakthrough is that China and Indonesia can feed themselves. However, if we add the clusters described here, the crop of mushrooms on rice straw and the conversion of the substrate into animal food after harvesting mushrooms, we realize that this world is ready to create abundance where the majority see shortage. We see millions of new jobs, where others are concerned about terrorism and extremism due to the high unemployment rate of young people, for which the traditional economic model of globalization does not see any way on the basis of all statistical analyzes. This is why we refuse to look at the statistics and take them as a reality. We know that we must create a new reality.Investments and jobs
Investments in research, education and new industrial installations during these years have accumulated to reach a capital of around $ 220 million. The facilities have benefited from contributions in the kind of governments, as well as not recognized research and education budgets, such as that guaranteed by the Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. Investments in algae breeding, the restoration of mangroves and the breeding of shrimp in which we participated and of which we have witnessed for almost two decades, in particular in Tanzania, Ethiopia, China and Indonesia by other partners, represent only a fraction of the total investment in the world. However, what our network and local organizations have been associated with a considerable budget. The number of jobs created in agriculture is high, at its peak 23,000 in the Zanzibar alone. Employment in an algae processing plant reaches 800 people while it only works a quarter of its capacity. We therefore estimate the number of direct jobs at 42,000. This new Maricure pole has the potential to generate millions of jobs, and to guarantee future economic activities beyond the elevation of sea level and the increase in the overall productivity of the earth and to see guarantee that we must not wait for the land to produce more, we can make more with the Production capacity, as proposed to of the creation of the zero programs research initiative.Translation in Gunter Fables
The culture of rice and algae inspired me very early on the 24 "Red Rice" fable, dedicated to Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa. The opportunity to cultivate anywhere was shared in the Fable 13 "Cold Feet" which was inspired by John P. Craven. For more information, please consult
www.guntersfables.org or www.zerilearning.org.
For more information
Sea Shell Spirals
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/feeding_china_with_sea-rice.php
Another case of the blue economy by Gunter Pauli
